Monday, February 15, 2010

A Public Health view on Addictions

 

 

 

Addicts, People with ‘special needs’

By Andrew Glory Mtewa

 

Published In The nation newspaper of the 25th January, 2010, one of the leading Malawi’s daily papers

 

I have for some time now been interested in studying things by observations that are heavy loads on the lives of human beings. All over the world, people are vulnerable to different kinds of diseases and hardships that regress development of their own, siblings, communities and ultimately their entire countries. These, I like to call, heavy loads on man kind. Some of these loads are deliberately infringed upon oneself and others come as inevitables over which we hardly have any control. They both are misfortunes over nations.

 

Whilst many people in the world have times to celebrate ‘freedom days’, there is another group, common in Africa, Europe, Asia, America that is battling it out in life inorder to find their freedom. Freedom from hardships that almost make up part of their lives.

 

Of a particular interest, Addictions, things that when frequented, cling to a part of life that I can not easily describe in simple terms. As if glued with adhesives to the schematic framework of life. They find a place, they get settled, they become unruly and consequently, they control the whole life of an individual. The individual in this case is said to have been addicted to an activity or anything else which I’ll call an object.

 

Addictions are not addictions as they get invited into lives. They look very innocent, dressed in an appealing outlook and they are cunning. They are activities which most people just call habits at first, just some bad habits, but when nurtured, defended, justified, hidden and retained in a span of time, they change and become ruthless and ugly in outlook. The individual becomes a prisoner of such. They are caught in a life that is ruled by objects and they have no control over their own lives.

 

This is a hell picture of a life, where one is literally forced by the in-planted addiction to go on it over and over. A friend once told me how hard pornography had gripped his life. He tried to quit this ‘habit’ his ability could not just support him to the point of his need. Freedom! He tried for months until he gave up and went back to that life again but still with no peace, no freedom.

 

People are forced to go spend the whole day drinking beer, every evening whether they have food at home or not. They may be crying over their shackled life when they are sober, but they realize they are in it again. They feel they can’t live without.

 

Today, there are people living imprisoned in their day to day lives. Respectable bosses go to work with chains in their lives. Some are forced to take a glass of beer before they start the day’s work. Others disturb the whole house at midnight going to the bathroom or outside to smoke just a single cigar. People scorn at you after you have cleaned their rooms in their absence sometimes because they are afraid you are about to discover their pornographic books and videos.

 

The victims feel the urge inside of them to break loose, but they just do not manage to come out of the prisons.

 

Such chains of life rob the victims of their money, peace, joy, confidence of breaking out, their families and most painfully, they lose their souls. They know it though most people hide they are lacking. There was a man who died in his bedroom at one of the places I’ve been raised up in because of drug overdose. He lost his top ranking job, family and life.

 

 

In the absence of addiction objects, families crumble, communication is a mess, leaving victims with down moods, harsh and as ruthless to others as the ‘objects’ are to them. They live lives of regrets, fear of getting discovered and are always in hiding. Their whole dependency is on the ‘objects’. They convince themselves that they can not do a sound job unless they get to the object. They later on think they are too much messed up already and continue with this placeless life.

 

Addictions are not only an indoor issue, I realized that it has a lot of negative impacts on the nation, particularly in the developing world like Chad, Vietnam, Malawi, Somalia, others.

People in work places lack concentration to work related matters, governments and private sector bosses make poor decisions and judgments, workers are usually attacked by loss of memory and frequent diseases related to particular addictions at work which has left the countries regressing in development.

 

I feel it is good to treat people addicted to different stuff as sick people with special needs. I would recommend rehabilitation institutions be raised in our countries, to take care of these particular psychological cases at some defined periods, costly yes but worth it. Depending on the levels of the attack, different doses of counseling, and if necessary reformatory isolations can be provided to victims. The isolation part can work properly upon consensus with the individual if in a decision-making state or their relatives and work place managers. In doing this, governments in Africa will save a lot of money lost through mismanagement of ideas, funds and other resources. Churches, counselors, teachers and nurses can take the leading role in developing countries like Malawi to keep development projects ajar.

 

All these people are needy of a common thing. Freedom! They are bound, some realize it whilst others are even fog-blinded. There is hope however to breakthrough. Don’t give up. Avoid opportunities that you know lead you to bow down to those ‘idols’ and find ‘check mates’ to help you check your life regularly. Your spouse can do this the best way. For example, if parties at night clubs makes you to get pinned down by addictions, let go of them. Remember, garbage in, garbage out. Human beings are made up of what they are most frequently taking in. Addictions should never be encouraged in any way but be mortified.

 

Some of the things that are reigning in chained people are nicotine, alcohol, lust, cannabis, cocaine, music genres, types of food, stories and sights among others.

 

Organizations and nations should be proactive in the fight against addictions rather than to wait and keep struggling with them when they attack. People need freedom. As policies on food, refugees and other matters like economy and security are given priority, let the issue of addiction come to table for consideration as well.

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More from Dr. Anne marie Helmenstine

Make Biodiesel - Instructions for Making Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil



Save Money Making Your Own Biodiesel
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com

It's easy and cost-effective to make your own biodiesel.
Biodiesel Engine Biodiesel Plant How to Make Biodiesel Biodiesel Production Making Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a diesel fuel that is made by reacting vegetable oil (cooking oil) with other common chemicals. Biodiesel may be used in any diesel automotive engine in its pure form or blended with petroleum-based diesel. No modifications are required, and the result is a less-expensive, renewable, clean-burning fuel. Here's how to make biodiesel from fresh oil. You can also make biodiesel from waste cooking oil, but that is a little more involved, so let's start with the basics.

Materials for Making Biodiesel

· 1 liter of new vegetable oil (e.g, canola oil, corn oil, soybean oil)
· 3.5 grams (0.12 oz.) sodium hydroxide (also known as lye). Sodium hydroxide is used for some drain cleaners, such as Red Devil™ drain cleaner. The label should state that the product contains sodium hydroxide (not calcium hypochlorite, which is found in many other drain cleaners)

· 200 milliliters (6.8 fl. oz.) of methanol (methyl alcohol). Heet™ fuel treatment is methanol. Be sure the label says the product contains methanol (Isoheet™, for example, contains isopropyl alcohol and won't work).

· blender with a low speed option. The pitcher for the blender is to be used only for making biodiesel. You want to use one made from glass, not plastic, since the methanol you will use can react with plastic.

· digital scale [to accurately measure 3.5 grams (0.12 oz.)]

· glass container marked for 200 milliliters (6.8 fl. oz.). If you don't have a beaker, measure the volume using a measuring cup, pour it into a glass jar, then mark the fill-line on the outside of the jar.

· glass or plastic container that is marked for 1 liter (1.1 quart)

· wide mouth glass or plastic container that will hold at least 1.5 liters (2-quart pitcher works well)

· safety glasses, gloves, and probably an apron. You do not want to get sodium hydroxide or methanol on your skin, nor do you want to breathe the vapors from either chemical. Both chemicals are toxic. Please read the warning labels on the containers for these products! Methanol is readily absorbed through your skin, so do not get it on your hands. Sodium hydroxide is caustic and will give you a chemical burn. Prepare your biodiesel in a well-ventilated area. If you spill either chemical on your skin, rinse it off immediately with water.

Let's Make Biodiesel!

1. You want to prepare the biodiesel in a room-temperature (70° F) or warmer room since the chemical reaction will not proceed to completion if the temperature is too low.

2. If you haven't already, label all your containers as 'Toxic - Only Use for Making Biodiesel', since you don't want anyone drinking your supplies and you don't want to use the glassware for food again.

3. Pour 200 ml methanol (Heet) into the glass blender pitcher.

4. Turn the blender on its lowest setting and slowly add 3.5 g sodium hydroxide (lye). This reaction produces sodium methoxide, which must be used right away or else it loses its effectiveness. (Like sodium hydroxide, it can be stored away from air/moisture, but that might not be practical for a home setup.)

5. Mix the methanol and sodium hydroxide until the sodium hydroxide has completely dissolved (about 2 minutes), then add 1 liter of vegetable oil to this mixture.

6. Continue blending this mixture (on low speed) for 20-30 minutes.

7. Pour the mixture into a wide-mouth jar. You will see the liquid start to separate out into layers. The bottom layer will be glycerin. The top layer is the biodiesel.

8. Allow at least a couple of hours for the mixture to fully separate. You want to keep the top layer as your biodiesel fuel. If you like, you can keep the glycerin for other projects. You can either carefully pour off the biodiesel or use a pump or baster to pull the biodiesel off of the glycerin.

Using Biodiesel

Normally you can use pure biodiesel or a mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel as a fuel in any unmodified diesel engine. There are two situations in which you definitely should mix biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel.

· If you are going to be running the engine at a temperature lower than 55° F (13° C), you should mix biodiesel with petroleum diesel. A 50:50 mixture will work for cold weather. Pure biodiesel will thicken and cloud at 55° F, which could clog your fuel line and stop your engine. Pure petroleum diesel, in contrast, has a cloud point of -10° F (-24° C). The colder your conditions, the higher percentage of petroleum diesel you will want to use. Above 55° F you can use pure biodiesel without any problem. Both types of diesel return to normal as soon as the temperature warms above their cloud point.

· You will want to use a mixture of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (called B20) if your engine has natural rubber seals or hoses. Pure biodiesel can degrade natural rubber, though B20 tends not to cause problems. If you have an older engine (which is where natural rubber parts are found), you could replace the rubber with polymer parts and run pure biodiesel.

Biodiesel Stability & Shelf Life

You probably don't stop to think about it, but all fuels have a shelf life that depends on their chemical composition and storage conditions. The chemical stability of biodiesel depends on the oil from which it was derived. Biodiesel from oils that naturally contain the antioxidant tocopherol or vitamin E (e.g., rapeseed oil) remain usable longer than biodiesel from other types of vegetable oils. According to at least one source stability is noticeably diminished after 10 days and the fuel may be unusable after 2 months. Temperature also affects fuel stability in that excessive temperatures may denature the fuel.

What Is the Difference Between a Scientist and an Engineer?


By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com

Chemical engineers supervise the central pumping station at the Yukos Oil and Gas company in Nefteyugansk, Siberia.

Links

Chemical Software FreeMolecular Builder and Property Estimation Neural Networkwww.bestsystems.co.jp
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Question: What Is the Difference Between a Scientist and an Engineer?

Scientist versus engineer... are they the same? Different? Here's a look at the definitions of scientist and engineer and the difference between a scientist and engineer.

Answer: A scientist is a person who has scientific training or who works in the sciences. An engineer is someone who is trained as an engineer. So, to my way of thinking, the practical difference lies in the educational degree and the description of the task being performed by the scientist or engineer. On a more philosophical level, scientists tend to explore the natural world and discover new knowledge about the universe and how it works.

Engineers apply that knowledge to solve practical problems, often with an eye toward optimizing cost, efficiency, or some other parameters.

There is considerable overlap between science and engineering, so you will find scientists who design and construct equipment and engineers who make important scientific discoveries. Information theory was founded by Claude Shannon, a theoretical engineer. Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with a degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in physics.

Do you feel there are important distinctions between scientists and engineers? You're invited to define the difference.

Why is Stainless Steel Stainless?


What It Is and How It Works!

By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com

What Is Stainless Steel and Why Is it Stainless?

In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearly, working on a project to improve rifle barrels, accidentally discovered that adding chromium to low carbon steel gives it stain resistance.

In addition to iron, carbon, and chromium, modern stainless steel may also contain other elements, such as nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. Nickel, molybdenum, niobium, and chromium enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. It is the addition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust, or stain 'less' than other types of steel.

The chromium in the steel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a thin, invisible layer of chrome-containing oxide, called the passive film. The sizes of chromium atoms and their oxides are similar, so they pack neatly together on the surface of the metal, forming a stable layer only a few atoms thick. If the metal is cut or scratched and the passive film is disrupted, more oxide will quickly form and recover the exposed surface, protecting it from oxidative corrosion. (Iron, on the other hand, rusts quickly because atomic iron is much smaller than its oxide, so the oxide forms a loose rather than tightly-packed layer and flakes away.)

The passive film requires oxygen to self-repair, so stainless steels have poor corrosion resistance in low-oxygen and poor circulation environments. In seawater, chlorides from the salt will attack and destroy the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in a low oxygen environment.

Types of Stainless Steel

The three main types of stainless steels are austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. These three types of steels are identified by their microstructure or predominant crystal phase.

Austenitic: Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face centered cubic crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes manganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels are not hardenable by heat treatment.

The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type 304, sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless steel is an austenitic steel containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.

Ferritic: Ferritic steels have ferrite (body centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic steel is less ductile than austenitic steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment.

Martensitic: The characteristic orthorhombic martensite microstructure was first observed by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensitic steels are low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12% chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few steels are fully hardened.

There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened, duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel can be produced in a variety of finishes and textures and can be tinted over a broad spectrum of colors.

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