Hie guys!!
Several things, infact, alot of things have happenned over the past four weeks, aware of that?
By the way, Welcome back to campus, students of chancellor college, of the university of malawi.
It's been along vacation I guess,mostly if you did not manage to keep yourself busy.
After you have seen, heard and experienced so much durring vacation,I can not overassume to say that you have been fighting a battle of the spirit! That's been christian my friend!have you missed the understanding of what I've just said? Worry not,you are yet to get it.
I know I am talking to different people here.Students from different schools colleges and universities.Alot more are not students either.But please, spare sometime with this word that I believe will encourage you to keep holding to Christ.
It may seem tou have lost the reason of holding on to Christ any longer.May be you have done things you were not expected to do as a child of God durring the past holiday.Engaged in fornication?Tried out drugs?Things I do not know that have corrupted your mind?
Does it seem a long way you've come from to the point you came to compromise your christianity?may be you have become addicted to illicit sexual behavior that has spoilt the temple of the Holy Spirit?what you call your body?
The devil cheats you to keep on doing that, nurturing that sin after all you've already done it several times without being caught....?#@~! he cheats you that the only way you can get rid of your guilt or depreession from your sin is to do it again, and again....he lies and he knows 100% that he is always lying to you then he watches you strugle with the guilt again.he uses you to amuse him.Open your eyes to day.
You may have accumulated alot of wealth in a wicked way so to raise you social values or status on campus.To buy such such friends,or in search of acceptance.To have every good thing for yourself so that all friends should know you HAVE.Its not wealth that matters but what motives you have for doing all that.You know friend, the devil creeps in slowly and do not allow him an inch.the Bible tells us to flee from sin and all looks of it.God means it.Hey, what shall profit you to gain the whole world and loose your soul?
There is a way for you.CHRIST JESUS and Him Alone is hope for you.
You know, the best thing you can do is to accept the fact that the wages of sin is death.This is what all sinners deserve to get.But there is this God's gift, Christ Jesus, freely offered to us that should we believe in Him and trust Him in faith, NOONE should perish but attain eternal life with Him.
Jesus wants you to come to Him just as you are, with stains of sin exposed so He can blot them off you.He doesnt expect you to stop this and that first, coz you can't manage it on your own.He wants to help you out.you dont need to brush your teeth ,comb your hair and have a cell phone to meet Him.trust Him.It does't matter what good reputation you have or church responsibilities you have.Remember, its the heart and not about following regulations. 'God can not be mocked, averyone shall reap what she/he sows' (Holy Bible).That's why he said not all who says Lord! Lord shall inherit His holy Kingdom. and on the last day, preachers, choir members, who live as hipocrites today shall cry, at why God shall tell them He never knew them while in Christ's name they were able to cast out demons and do wonders.What reputable men and women shall be left behind!
But Jesus is ready to set you free and you will be loosened from your sin.
Hell is very real my friend and so too is Heaven.That strugle is evidence enough that the devil realy wants to kill,destroy and steal you out.he will do it only at your choice because he is not sure if you will really go for his offer or not.
God loves you to the point of respecting the choices you make.He wont force you to get aquanted with Him.That's why He's given you this opportunity to get this message today.It is for you.Today when you hear His voice , do not harden your heart....(heb 4:7). A stubborn heart after many rebukes will surely get broken SUDDENLY (proverbs).
Dont miss this chance of giving your life you are having to JESUS now.
Look at your own life and think upon it.reflect at your NEW resolutions for this particular semister,week,period.Are your plans pleasing to the owner of that life you are trusted to bear?that which you usually take for granted and call 'your life'?
Jesus is waiting for you.
Say a little prayer just where you are and tell Him you are a sinner deservind to perish in hell.Ask Him for forgiveness and to lead you as your personal Lord and Savior.He is faithful and just to forgive you right now if you pray in faith.
Turn from your sin and move forward.....
then'...go and sin no more...'
Best wishes to you guys.
Jesus loves you lots!
Sunday, September 28, 2008
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More from Dr. Anne marie Helmenstine
Make Biodiesel - Instructions for Making Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil
Save Money Making Your Own Biodiesel
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com
It's easy and cost-effective to make your own biodiesel.
Biodiesel Engine Biodiesel Plant How to Make Biodiesel Biodiesel Production Making Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a diesel fuel that is made by reacting vegetable oil (cooking oil) with other common chemicals. Biodiesel may be used in any diesel automotive engine in its pure form or blended with petroleum-based diesel. No modifications are required, and the result is a less-expensive, renewable, clean-burning fuel. Here's how to make biodiesel from fresh oil. You can also make biodiesel from waste cooking oil, but that is a little more involved, so let's start with the basics.
Materials for Making Biodiesel
· 1 liter of new vegetable oil (e.g, canola oil, corn oil, soybean oil)
· 3.5 grams (0.12 oz.) sodium hydroxide (also known as lye). Sodium hydroxide is used for some drain cleaners, such as Red Devil™ drain cleaner. The label should state that the product contains sodium hydroxide (not calcium hypochlorite, which is found in many other drain cleaners)
· 200 milliliters (6.8 fl. oz.) of methanol (methyl alcohol). Heet™ fuel treatment is methanol. Be sure the label says the product contains methanol (Isoheet™, for example, contains isopropyl alcohol and won't work).
· blender with a low speed option. The pitcher for the blender is to be used only for making biodiesel. You want to use one made from glass, not plastic, since the methanol you will use can react with plastic.
· digital scale [to accurately measure 3.5 grams (0.12 oz.)]
· glass container marked for 200 milliliters (6.8 fl. oz.). If you don't have a beaker, measure the volume using a measuring cup, pour it into a glass jar, then mark the fill-line on the outside of the jar.
· glass or plastic container that is marked for 1 liter (1.1 quart)
· wide mouth glass or plastic container that will hold at least 1.5 liters (2-quart pitcher works well)
· safety glasses, gloves, and probably an apron. You do not want to get sodium hydroxide or methanol on your skin, nor do you want to breathe the vapors from either chemical. Both chemicals are toxic. Please read the warning labels on the containers for these products! Methanol is readily absorbed through your skin, so do not get it on your hands. Sodium hydroxide is caustic and will give you a chemical burn. Prepare your biodiesel in a well-ventilated area. If you spill either chemical on your skin, rinse it off immediately with water.
Let's Make Biodiesel!
1. You want to prepare the biodiesel in a room-temperature (70° F) or warmer room since the chemical reaction will not proceed to completion if the temperature is too low.
2. If you haven't already, label all your containers as 'Toxic - Only Use for Making Biodiesel', since you don't want anyone drinking your supplies and you don't want to use the glassware for food again.
3. Pour 200 ml methanol (Heet) into the glass blender pitcher.
4. Turn the blender on its lowest setting and slowly add 3.5 g sodium hydroxide (lye). This reaction produces sodium methoxide, which must be used right away or else it loses its effectiveness. (Like sodium hydroxide, it can be stored away from air/moisture, but that might not be practical for a home setup.)
5. Mix the methanol and sodium hydroxide until the sodium hydroxide has completely dissolved (about 2 minutes), then add 1 liter of vegetable oil to this mixture.
6. Continue blending this mixture (on low speed) for 20-30 minutes.
7. Pour the mixture into a wide-mouth jar. You will see the liquid start to separate out into layers. The bottom layer will be glycerin. The top layer is the biodiesel.
8. Allow at least a couple of hours for the mixture to fully separate. You want to keep the top layer as your biodiesel fuel. If you like, you can keep the glycerin for other projects. You can either carefully pour off the biodiesel or use a pump or baster to pull the biodiesel off of the glycerin.
Using Biodiesel
Normally you can use pure biodiesel or a mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel as a fuel in any unmodified diesel engine. There are two situations in which you definitely should mix biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel.
· If you are going to be running the engine at a temperature lower than 55° F (13° C), you should mix biodiesel with petroleum diesel. A 50:50 mixture will work for cold weather. Pure biodiesel will thicken and cloud at 55° F, which could clog your fuel line and stop your engine. Pure petroleum diesel, in contrast, has a cloud point of -10° F (-24° C). The colder your conditions, the higher percentage of petroleum diesel you will want to use. Above 55° F you can use pure biodiesel without any problem. Both types of diesel return to normal as soon as the temperature warms above their cloud point.
· You will want to use a mixture of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (called B20) if your engine has natural rubber seals or hoses. Pure biodiesel can degrade natural rubber, though B20 tends not to cause problems. If you have an older engine (which is where natural rubber parts are found), you could replace the rubber with polymer parts and run pure biodiesel.
Biodiesel Stability & Shelf Life
You probably don't stop to think about it, but all fuels have a shelf life that depends on their chemical composition and storage conditions. The chemical stability of biodiesel depends on the oil from which it was derived. Biodiesel from oils that naturally contain the antioxidant tocopherol or vitamin E (e.g., rapeseed oil) remain usable longer than biodiesel from other types of vegetable oils. According to at least one source stability is noticeably diminished after 10 days and the fuel may be unusable after 2 months. Temperature also affects fuel stability in that excessive temperatures may denature the fuel.
What Is the Difference Between a Scientist and an Engineer?
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com
Chemical engineers supervise the central pumping station at the Yukos Oil and Gas company in Nefteyugansk, Siberia.
Links
Chemical Software FreeMolecular Builder and Property Estimation Neural Networkwww.bestsystems.co.jp
Information SecurityYour Flexible Route To University! Sign Up At University of London Nowwww.LondonExternal.ac.uk
Virtual Chem LabFun Simulations & Guided Lessons Register & Get Next 6 Months Free.www.VirtLab.com
if(zs
Question: What Is the Difference Between a Scientist and an Engineer?
Scientist versus engineer... are they the same? Different? Here's a look at the definitions of scientist and engineer and the difference between a scientist and engineer.
Answer: A scientist is a person who has scientific training or who works in the sciences. An engineer is someone who is trained as an engineer. So, to my way of thinking, the practical difference lies in the educational degree and the description of the task being performed by the scientist or engineer. On a more philosophical level, scientists tend to explore the natural world and discover new knowledge about the universe and how it works.
Engineers apply that knowledge to solve practical problems, often with an eye toward optimizing cost, efficiency, or some other parameters.
There is considerable overlap between science and engineering, so you will find scientists who design and construct equipment and engineers who make important scientific discoveries. Information theory was founded by Claude Shannon, a theoretical engineer. Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with a degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in physics.
Do you feel there are important distinctions between scientists and engineers? You're invited to define the difference.
Why is Stainless Steel Stainless?
What It Is and How It Works!
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com
What Is Stainless Steel and Why Is it Stainless?
In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearly, working on a project to improve rifle barrels, accidentally discovered that adding chromium to low carbon steel gives it stain resistance.
In addition to iron, carbon, and chromium, modern stainless steel may also contain other elements, such as nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. Nickel, molybdenum, niobium, and chromium enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. It is the addition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust, or stain 'less' than other types of steel.
The chromium in the steel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a thin, invisible layer of chrome-containing oxide, called the passive film. The sizes of chromium atoms and their oxides are similar, so they pack neatly together on the surface of the metal, forming a stable layer only a few atoms thick. If the metal is cut or scratched and the passive film is disrupted, more oxide will quickly form and recover the exposed surface, protecting it from oxidative corrosion. (Iron, on the other hand, rusts quickly because atomic iron is much smaller than its oxide, so the oxide forms a loose rather than tightly-packed layer and flakes away.)
The passive film requires oxygen to self-repair, so stainless steels have poor corrosion resistance in low-oxygen and poor circulation environments. In seawater, chlorides from the salt will attack and destroy the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in a low oxygen environment.
Types of Stainless Steel
The three main types of stainless steels are austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. These three types of steels are identified by their microstructure or predominant crystal phase.
Austenitic: Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face centered cubic crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes manganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels are not hardenable by heat treatment.
The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type 304, sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless steel is an austenitic steel containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.
Ferritic: Ferritic steels have ferrite (body centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic steel is less ductile than austenitic steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment.
Martensitic: The characteristic orthorhombic martensite microstructure was first observed by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensitic steels are low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12% chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few steels are fully hardened.
There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened, duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel can be produced in a variety of finishes and textures and can be tinted over a broad spectrum of colors.
Suggested Reading
Metals & AlloysMetals QuizCopper Plate an Ornament
w('New posts to the Chemistry forums:Nernst Equation Worked ProblemChemistry Help PLEASE!!!electrochemistry help please')
Save Money Making Your Own Biodiesel
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com
It's easy and cost-effective to make your own biodiesel.
Biodiesel Engine Biodiesel Plant How to Make Biodiesel Biodiesel Production Making Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a diesel fuel that is made by reacting vegetable oil (cooking oil) with other common chemicals. Biodiesel may be used in any diesel automotive engine in its pure form or blended with petroleum-based diesel. No modifications are required, and the result is a less-expensive, renewable, clean-burning fuel. Here's how to make biodiesel from fresh oil. You can also make biodiesel from waste cooking oil, but that is a little more involved, so let's start with the basics.
Materials for Making Biodiesel
· 1 liter of new vegetable oil (e.g, canola oil, corn oil, soybean oil)
· 3.5 grams (0.12 oz.) sodium hydroxide (also known as lye). Sodium hydroxide is used for some drain cleaners, such as Red Devil™ drain cleaner. The label should state that the product contains sodium hydroxide (not calcium hypochlorite, which is found in many other drain cleaners)
· 200 milliliters (6.8 fl. oz.) of methanol (methyl alcohol). Heet™ fuel treatment is methanol. Be sure the label says the product contains methanol (Isoheet™, for example, contains isopropyl alcohol and won't work).
· blender with a low speed option. The pitcher for the blender is to be used only for making biodiesel. You want to use one made from glass, not plastic, since the methanol you will use can react with plastic.
· digital scale [to accurately measure 3.5 grams (0.12 oz.)]
· glass container marked for 200 milliliters (6.8 fl. oz.). If you don't have a beaker, measure the volume using a measuring cup, pour it into a glass jar, then mark the fill-line on the outside of the jar.
· glass or plastic container that is marked for 1 liter (1.1 quart)
· wide mouth glass or plastic container that will hold at least 1.5 liters (2-quart pitcher works well)
· safety glasses, gloves, and probably an apron. You do not want to get sodium hydroxide or methanol on your skin, nor do you want to breathe the vapors from either chemical. Both chemicals are toxic. Please read the warning labels on the containers for these products! Methanol is readily absorbed through your skin, so do not get it on your hands. Sodium hydroxide is caustic and will give you a chemical burn. Prepare your biodiesel in a well-ventilated area. If you spill either chemical on your skin, rinse it off immediately with water.
Let's Make Biodiesel!
1. You want to prepare the biodiesel in a room-temperature (70° F) or warmer room since the chemical reaction will not proceed to completion if the temperature is too low.
2. If you haven't already, label all your containers as 'Toxic - Only Use for Making Biodiesel', since you don't want anyone drinking your supplies and you don't want to use the glassware for food again.
3. Pour 200 ml methanol (Heet) into the glass blender pitcher.
4. Turn the blender on its lowest setting and slowly add 3.5 g sodium hydroxide (lye). This reaction produces sodium methoxide, which must be used right away or else it loses its effectiveness. (Like sodium hydroxide, it can be stored away from air/moisture, but that might not be practical for a home setup.)
5. Mix the methanol and sodium hydroxide until the sodium hydroxide has completely dissolved (about 2 minutes), then add 1 liter of vegetable oil to this mixture.
6. Continue blending this mixture (on low speed) for 20-30 minutes.
7. Pour the mixture into a wide-mouth jar. You will see the liquid start to separate out into layers. The bottom layer will be glycerin. The top layer is the biodiesel.
8. Allow at least a couple of hours for the mixture to fully separate. You want to keep the top layer as your biodiesel fuel. If you like, you can keep the glycerin for other projects. You can either carefully pour off the biodiesel or use a pump or baster to pull the biodiesel off of the glycerin.
Using Biodiesel
Normally you can use pure biodiesel or a mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel as a fuel in any unmodified diesel engine. There are two situations in which you definitely should mix biodiesel with petroleum-based diesel.
· If you are going to be running the engine at a temperature lower than 55° F (13° C), you should mix biodiesel with petroleum diesel. A 50:50 mixture will work for cold weather. Pure biodiesel will thicken and cloud at 55° F, which could clog your fuel line and stop your engine. Pure petroleum diesel, in contrast, has a cloud point of -10° F (-24° C). The colder your conditions, the higher percentage of petroleum diesel you will want to use. Above 55° F you can use pure biodiesel without any problem. Both types of diesel return to normal as soon as the temperature warms above their cloud point.
· You will want to use a mixture of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (called B20) if your engine has natural rubber seals or hoses. Pure biodiesel can degrade natural rubber, though B20 tends not to cause problems. If you have an older engine (which is where natural rubber parts are found), you could replace the rubber with polymer parts and run pure biodiesel.
Biodiesel Stability & Shelf Life
You probably don't stop to think about it, but all fuels have a shelf life that depends on their chemical composition and storage conditions. The chemical stability of biodiesel depends on the oil from which it was derived. Biodiesel from oils that naturally contain the antioxidant tocopherol or vitamin E (e.g., rapeseed oil) remain usable longer than biodiesel from other types of vegetable oils. According to at least one source stability is noticeably diminished after 10 days and the fuel may be unusable after 2 months. Temperature also affects fuel stability in that excessive temperatures may denature the fuel.
What Is the Difference Between a Scientist and an Engineer?
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com
Chemical engineers supervise the central pumping station at the Yukos Oil and Gas company in Nefteyugansk, Siberia.
Links
Chemical Software FreeMolecular Builder and Property Estimation Neural Networkwww.bestsystems.co.jp
Information SecurityYour Flexible Route To University! Sign Up At University of London Nowwww.LondonExternal.ac.uk
Virtual Chem LabFun Simulations & Guided Lessons Register & Get Next 6 Months Free.www.VirtLab.com
if(zs
Question: What Is the Difference Between a Scientist and an Engineer?
Scientist versus engineer... are they the same? Different? Here's a look at the definitions of scientist and engineer and the difference between a scientist and engineer.
Answer: A scientist is a person who has scientific training or who works in the sciences. An engineer is someone who is trained as an engineer. So, to my way of thinking, the practical difference lies in the educational degree and the description of the task being performed by the scientist or engineer. On a more philosophical level, scientists tend to explore the natural world and discover new knowledge about the universe and how it works.
Engineers apply that knowledge to solve practical problems, often with an eye toward optimizing cost, efficiency, or some other parameters.
There is considerable overlap between science and engineering, so you will find scientists who design and construct equipment and engineers who make important scientific discoveries. Information theory was founded by Claude Shannon, a theoretical engineer. Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with a degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in physics.
Do you feel there are important distinctions between scientists and engineers? You're invited to define the difference.
Why is Stainless Steel Stainless?
What It Is and How It Works!
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com
What Is Stainless Steel and Why Is it Stainless?
In 1913, English metallurgist Harry Brearly, working on a project to improve rifle barrels, accidentally discovered that adding chromium to low carbon steel gives it stain resistance.
In addition to iron, carbon, and chromium, modern stainless steel may also contain other elements, such as nickel, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. Nickel, molybdenum, niobium, and chromium enhance the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. It is the addition of a minimum of 12% chromium to the steel that makes it resist rust, or stain 'less' than other types of steel.
The chromium in the steel combines with oxygen in the atmosphere to form a thin, invisible layer of chrome-containing oxide, called the passive film. The sizes of chromium atoms and their oxides are similar, so they pack neatly together on the surface of the metal, forming a stable layer only a few atoms thick. If the metal is cut or scratched and the passive film is disrupted, more oxide will quickly form and recover the exposed surface, protecting it from oxidative corrosion. (Iron, on the other hand, rusts quickly because atomic iron is much smaller than its oxide, so the oxide forms a loose rather than tightly-packed layer and flakes away.)
The passive film requires oxygen to self-repair, so stainless steels have poor corrosion resistance in low-oxygen and poor circulation environments. In seawater, chlorides from the salt will attack and destroy the passive film more quickly than it can be repaired in a low oxygen environment.
Types of Stainless Steel
The three main types of stainless steels are austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic. These three types of steels are identified by their microstructure or predominant crystal phase.
Austenitic: Austenitic steels have austenite as their primary phase (face centered cubic crystal). These are alloys containing chromium and nickel (sometimes manganese and nitrogen), structured around the Type 302 composition of iron, 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Austenitic steels are not hardenable by heat treatment.
The most familiar stainless steel is probably Type 304, sometimes called T304 or simply 304. Type 304 surgical stainless steel is an austenitic steel containing 18-20% chromium and 8-10% nickel.
Ferritic: Ferritic steels have ferrite (body centered cubic crystal) as their main phase. These steels contain iron and chromium, based on the Type 430 composition of 17% chromium. Ferritic steel is less ductile than austenitic steel and is not hardenable by heat treatment.
Martensitic: The characteristic orthorhombic martensite microstructure was first observed by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. Martensitic steels are low carbon steels built around the Type 410 composition of iron, 12% chromium, and 0.12% carbon. They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few steels are fully hardened.
There are also other grades of stainless steels, such as precipitation-hardened, duplex, and cast stainless steels. Stainless steel can be produced in a variety of finishes and textures and can be tinted over a broad spectrum of colors.
Suggested Reading
Metals & AlloysMetals QuizCopper Plate an Ornament
w('New posts to the Chemistry forums:Nernst Equation Worked ProblemChemistry Help PLEASE!!!electrochemistry help please')
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